You can find course descriptions in Sisu. In your study plan, choose the course and click the course code or search courses by code or name. Learning environments are found in MyCourses through search or after registration in "My own courses".
Master's Programme in International Design Business Management
Curriculum 2024–2026
About the programme
The International Design Business Management (IDBM) is a joint master's programme between all the Schools of Aalto University: School of Arts, Design and Architecture, School of Business, School of Chemical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, School of Engineering and School of Science. IDBM educates students with arts, business and engineering backgrounds to make better business with meaningful innovations and design, providing a strategic view into design-intensive businesses management. Graduates of the IDBM programme will be able to drive creativity and innovation and lead initiatives to undertake new business ventures within global environments.
Academically rigorous and practice-oriented IDBM programme prepares students to lead and collaborate in interdisciplinary teams. The objective is to gain knowledge in multiple disciplines and to learn to connect one's own disciplinary expertise to a wider interdisciplinary design business framework. During a real-life industry project students explore and develop innovative product, service, and business concepts. Projects are coached by interdisciplinary faculty and expert industry tutors.
The global approach of IDBM program prepares students to work in multi-cultural settings and collaborate across national and cultural boundaries. On the practical level, the global aspect refers to the continuous development of international networks through student selection, industry cooperation, research activities and study exchange. Additionally, students of IDBM master's programme studying Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration degree at Aalto School of Business are offered an opportunity to extend their studies to a double degree with ESADE Business School in Barcelona Spain.
Degree level intended learning outcomes
In addition to the goals stated in Government Decree on University Degrees (794/2004) 7 §, the aim of the Master of Science and Master of Arts degrees in International Design Business Management is to provide students with
- a comprehensive understanding of the area of specialisation, including its potential to address environmental, economic and social sustainability challenges
- the ability to identify and analyse sustainability challenges and business opportunities and creatively develop solutions
- the ability to independently retrieve, assess, apply and create knowledge in the field of business and economics
- the ability to reflect on the ethical foundations and implications of business decision-making for different stakeholders and to act accordingly ; and
- the ability to communicate effectively and to foster diversity, equity and inclusiveness in organisations.
Programme level intended learning outcomes
Graduates of the IDBM programme will be able to drive design-oriented innovation and lead development initiatives within global environments.
This includes the ability to:
- use a design approach in product, service and business development
- lead and collaborate in multi-cultural and interdisciplinary teams, deepening and connecting one’s own disciplinary
- expertise to a wider business context
- lead radical creativity in interdisciplinary teams
- drive change and development activities in organizations
- co communicate concepts and ideas both verbally as well as visually at an operative (tactical) and strategic level
- understand and utilize academic research in defining and approaching problems in systematic and systemic manner
MSc and MA degree studies in International Design Business Management consist of the following study modules: Major studies, Specialisation/Minor studies, Thesis and Electives studies. The extent and content of modules varies between different fields and tracks, kindly check more details as per your targeted degree and school.
Degree structure
Master of Arts
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
JOIN-E7009 | IDBM Challenge | 6 | I |
MUO-E9010 | Strategic Design | 5 | I |
ELEC-E9900 | Networked Partnering and Product Innovation | 5 | II |
26E04350 | Business Model Design | 6 | III |
JOIN-E7007 | IDBM Capstone: Industry Project | 15 | II-V |
MNGT-E2010 | Advanced Topics in IDBM* | 3 | I-II, IV-V |
*The course is recommended to be completed in period II of the 2nd year of studies (or period IV of the 1st year of studies).
Code: ARTS216
IDBM ARTS programme director: Prof. Nuria Solsona Caba
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period, year |
---|---|---|---|
MUO-E0017 | Intro | 1 | Orientation |
MUO-E0002 | Design Research | 4 | IV-V, 1 year |
MUO-E0016 | Design Culture Now | 4 | I-II, 1 year |
MUO-E0018 | Thesis Seminar | 3 | I, III, 2 year |
IDBM.matr | Maturity Test | 0 | |
Choose 8 ECTS of master level courses from the department of design8 ECTS of any master level course(s) from the department of design, or you can choose courses below. (Tongji course is only for IDBM ARTS Tongji students.) |
|||
MUO-E9008 | Systemic Innovation and Design (course held in Tongji) | 5 | |
MUO-E0014 | Project | 2-10 | |
MUO.trai | Internship | 2-10 |
The approval of the master’s thesis and the master’s thesis evaluation are handled in the IDBM Programme Committee meeting. Please follow the deadlines of your own school.
For instructions on writing and handing in the thesis please see the page Completing your Master's thesis.
Students are highly recommended to undertake courses from schools or departments other than their own discipline, area of expertise or competence as elective studies.
The aim of the elective studies is to widen student's perspective and t-profile by providing understanding, knowledge and skills to design, business and engineering.. Please note that for some of the courses, there might be eligibility and acceptance restrictions. In addition, students need to ensure that they fulfil all the pre-requirements set for the courses.
Students choose 30 ECTS of elective studies. As elective studies, students can complete minor studies and/or take individual courses from other programmes at Aalto University or other Finnish universities, participate in an international student exchange programme, do an internship in Finland or abroad.
- Studies at other Aalto schools or in Finnish universities
- Minors in Aalto 2024-2026
- Courses about entrepreneurship
- Personal Impact courses
- Courses according to Schools
Language study requirements
The courses available are listed at Language Centre's page.
Students educated in Finnish or Swedish
For students educated in Finnish or Swedish language studies are designed to be completed as part of the Bachelor of Arts (Art and Design) or another Bachelor’s degree. Students who have not completed the required language studies before starting to pursue the master’s degrees specified above must complete them either as elective studies or in addition to the studies required for the degree. In such cases, the language requirements are as follows:
- 9 credits: 3 cr in written and oral communication, 3 cr in the second national language of Finland, and 3 cr in one foreign language.
Student whose language of primary and secondary education is other than Finnish or Swedish
Students who have received their primary and secondary education abroad or whose language of primary and secondary education is other than Finnish or Swedish must demonstrate their foreign language proficiency either by completing three (3) credits of language and communication studies corresponding to the degree requirements in one foreign language, or by completing three (3) credits of language and communication studies in Finnish or Swedish.
Note: Students who have begun their studies on or after 1 August 2022 must fulfil the foreign language requirement of the degree in one of the following ways: by taking English courses at the CEFR starting level B2; by taking Chinese, French, German, Russian or Spanish courses at the CEFR starting level B1; or by taking Finnish or Swedish courses at the CEFR starting level corresponding to their skills.
Courses fulfilling the foreign language requirement of the degree are marked (o) for oral skills, (w) for written skills, or (o,w) for both.
Recommended elective studies
Aalto ARTS courses
Code | Course name | ECTS |
---|---|---|
MUO-E8041 | Collaborative and participatory techniques for design | 6 |
MUO-E8017 | Eco-auditing | 2 |
MUO-E8040 | Issues in Sustainability Politics | 6 |
MUO-E8043 | Design for Government | 12 |
MUO-E8050 | Values & Designs | 6 |
MUO-E3052 | Design for Services | 12 |
Aalto BIZ courses
Code | Course name | ECTS |
---|---|---|
Management and IB | ||
MNGT-E2001 | Doing Business in Emerging Markets | 6 |
MNGT-E2013 | Strategic Marketing in Global Context | 6 |
MNGT-E1005 | Strategy in Action | 6 |
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management | ||
MNGT-E3004 | Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Markets, and Systems Change | 6 |
Creative Sustainability | ||
21E16001 | Sustainability in Business | 6 |
21E10000 | How to change the world: Innovating toward sustainability | 6 |
Corporate Communication | ||
77E00200 | Strategy Communication | 6 |
MNGT-E4002 | Strategic Stakeholder Relations | 6 |
Marketing | ||
MARK-A0001 | Marketing Management (only in Finnish) | 6 |
MARK-E0047 | Digital Marketing Communication | 6 |
Aalto ENG courses
Code | Course name | ECTS credits |
---|---|---|
MEC-E3007 | Product Sustainability | 5 |
MEC-E6005 | Engineering Materials Seminar | 5 |
MEC-E1090 | Quality Management and Metrology | 5 |
CIV-E3030 | Indoor Air Quality | 5 |
Master of Science in Economics and Business Administration
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
JOIN-E7009 | IDBM Challenge | 6 | I |
MUO-E9010 | Strategic Design | 5 | I |
ELEC-E9900 | Networked Partnering and Product Innovation | 5 | II |
26E04350 | Business Model Design | 6 | III |
JOIN-E7007 | IDBM Capstone: Industry Project | 15 | II-V |
MNGT-E2010 | Advanced Topics in IDBM* | 3 | I-II, IV-V |
*The course is recommended to be completed in period II of the 2nd year of studies (or period IV of the 1st year of studies).
Code: BIZ223
Programme Director: Ville Eloranta
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
MNGT-E1016 | Master’s Thesis Seminar | 2 | I, III |
BIZ.matr | Maturity Test | 0 | I-V |
Choose one minor (24 ECTS) |
|||
Accounting (advanced) | |||
Business Analytics | |||
Consumer Research | |||
Digital Product Management | |||
Digital Marketing & Analytics | |||
Economics | |||
Information Systems Science | |||
International Business | |||
Marketing | |||
Organizational Communication | |||
People Management | |||
Startup minor | |||
Strategic Marketing | |||
Strategy | |||
Supply Chain Management | |||
Sustainability Management | |||
Sustainable Entrepreneurship | |||
Sustainable Fashion and Textile Management |
The programme study module includes a Master's thesis. The thesis must demonstrate readiness for scientific thinking, command of research methods, conversance with the topic of the thesis, and ability for scientific communication.
In many programmes, the students also take part in a thesis seminar, which is designed to help the students to prepare their thesis work. The seminar commonly consists of meetings, completing thesis, presenting the research topic to the seminar group and acting as an opponent for a fellow student’s thesis. Seminar lasts usually the whole semester, and it is organised during both autumn and spring semesters.
You can choose elective studies to your Master's degree so that the scope of the degree (120 credits) is fulfilled. You can exceed the scope of the degree by one course maximum.
Elective studies can include basic, intermediate or advanced level courses. You can use the module e.g.
- To complete an elective minor
- To broaden your skills and knowledge via multidisciplinary studies:
- select courses in the field of technology or art
- select courses in other universities via JOO study right
- Select gender studies via Hilma network or other Aalto networks
- To gain entrepreneurial skills
- To deepen your language and communication skills (see short informational video about the Language Center here)
- To deepen or broaden your skills and knowledge in the field of business
- select additional courses in your degree programme or major
- select courses from other degree progarmmes or majors in the School of Business
- select additional courses in your minor
- complete the Customized Student Business project BIZ-E0100 (read more here)
- To gain work experience and working life skills via an internship (read more at During your studies > Other studies)
- To gain skills in self leadership, finding meaningfulness, and improving study wellbeing via Personal Impact courses
Elective minor
The International Design Business Management programme requires students to complete a compulsory minor of 24 credits in the field of business and economics, and the minor options are listed in the curriculum. In addition, students can complete an elective minor as part of their elective studies. The scope of the minor varies depending on the minor. Please check each minor's requirements. For a list of all the minors at Aalto University, see Aalto Minors hub.An elective minor included in the International Design Business Management master’s degree can be one of the following:
- a module confirmed in the curriculum (a minor study entity offered at the School of Business)
- a module completed in an official exchange programme partner of the School of Business or in another programme meeting the requirements set in the official exchange programme policy of the School of Business
- a module earned at another Aalto University school
- a module earned at another Finnish university e.g. under the agreement on flexible study rights (JOO agreement).
Exchange studies is a very popular minor among the students of the School of Business. If you are interested in completing exchange studies as your minor, please check out this short informational video.
Mandatory language studies
If you have mandatory language studies in your master's degree, they are included in the elective studies module. You have received information about these in the beginning of your studies, if this applies to you. If you are uncertain of whether you need to demonstrate language proficiency in the master's degree, please contact your programme's planning officer to get further information about the matter.
- If you have completed your bachelor's degree in Finland (in Aalto or in another higher education institute), you have fulfilled the compulsory language requirements in the respective degree or received the exemption. You do not need to complete language studies in the master's degree.
- If your language of education is Finnish or Swedish and you have completed your bachelor’s degree outside of Finland, you must demonstrate proficiency in national languages by writing the maturity test in your language of education (Finnish or Swedish) and complete the language proficiency tests in the other national language. Read more about the language of education here. You may also apply for an exemption of demonstrating proficiency in national languages. See also the following bullet.
- If you have completed your bachelor’s degree outside of Finland, you must complete minimum of 3 ECTS in English including both oral and written proficiency. Courses on a sufficient level and including both oral and written proficiency are marked with ‘o’ and ‘w’ in the course name. You can choose any course on B2 level or higher. Students, whose language of education is not Finnish or Swedish, may alternatively complete an elementary course in Finnish or in Swedish. The courses in national languages can be at any level on CEFR scale.
Language studies are included in students’ elective studies and are agreed in the personal study plan (HOPS). Language center offers the language studies.
Recommended elective studies
Aalto ARTS courses
Code | Course name | ECTS |
---|---|---|
MUO-E8041 | Collaborative and participatory techniques for design | 6 |
MUO-E8017 | Eco-auditing | 2 |
MUO-E8040 | Issues in Sustainability Politics | 6 |
MUO-E8043 | Design for Government | 12 |
MUO-E8050 | Values & Designs | 6 |
MUO-E3052 | Design for Services | 12 |
Aalto BIZ courses
Code | Course name | ECTS |
---|---|---|
Management and IB | ||
MNGT-E2001 | Doing Business in Emerging Markets | 6 |
MNGT-E2013 | Strategic Marketing in Global Context | 6 |
MNGT-E1005 | Strategy in Action | 6 |
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management | ||
MNGT-E3004 | Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Markets, and Systems Change | 6 |
Creative Sustainability | ||
21E16001 | Sustainability in Business | 6 |
21E10000 | How to change the world: Innovating toward sustainability | 6 |
Corporate Communication | ||
77E00200 | Strategy Communication | 6 |
MNGT-E4002 | Strategic Stakeholder Relations | 6 |
Marketing | ||
MARK-A0001 | Marketing Management (only in Finnish) | 6 |
MARK-E0047 | Digital Marketing Communication | 6 |
Aalto ENG courses
Code | Course name | ECTS credits |
---|---|---|
MEC-E3007 | Product Sustainability | 5 |
MEC-E6005 | Engineering Materials Seminar | 5 |
MEC-E1090 | Quality Management and Metrology | 5 |
CIV-E3030 | Indoor Air Quality | 5 |
Master of Science in Technology
Students of Aalto CHEM, Aalto ELEC and Aalto ENG
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
JOIN-E7009 | IDBM Challenge | 6 | I |
MUO-E9010 | Strategic Design | 5 | I |
ELEC-E9900 | Networked Partnering and Product Innovation | 5 | II |
26E04350 | Business Model Design | 6 | III |
JOIN-E7007 | IDBM Capstone: Industry Project | 15 | II-V |
MNGT-E2010 | Advanced Topics in IDBM* | 3 | I-II, IV-V |
*The course is recommended to be completed in period II of the 2nd year of studies (or period IV of the 1st year of studies).
Students of Aalto SCI*
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
JOIN-E7009 | IDBM Challenge | 6 | I |
MUO-E9010 | Strategic Design | 5 | I |
ELEC-E9900 | Networked Partnering and Product Innovation | 5 | II |
26E04350 | Business Model Design | 6 | III |
JOIN-E7007 | IDBM Capstone: Industry Project | 15 | II-V |
TU-E0100 | Research Assignment | 5 | I-II |
TU-E5070 | Principles of Product Management | 3 | I, III |
TU-E3050 OR TU-E3010 |
Designing Adaptive & Creative Organisations OR Leading as Practice |
5 5 |
III-IV III-IV |
SCI.matr | SCI.matr | 0 |
- *students selected to Aalto SCI in 2023 or earlier follow the curriculum 2022-2024 or earlier
After studying the minor the graduate
- is able to identify and discuss the relevant theoretical knowledge base in the specialisation area
- is able to apply the relevant theoretical knowledge in practical applications of the specialisation area
- is able to apply profound engineering knowledge in an international, competitive and highly innovative working environment.
Students of the School of Chemical Engineering
Code: CHEM27
Responsible professor at Aalto School of Chemical Engineering: Professor Kristiina Lillqvist
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
CHEM.matr | Maturity Test | 0 | I-V |
CHEM3066 | CHEM IDBM minor | 25 |
Students of the School of Electrical Engineering
Code: ELEC28
Responsible professor at Aalto School of Electrical Engineering: Professor Jaan Praks
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
ELEC.matr | Maturity Test | 0 | I-V |
Choose one minor (25 ECTS) |
|||
Acoustics and Audio Technology | |||
Biosystems and Bioelectronics | |||
Communications Engineering | |||
Control, Robotics and Autonomous Systems | |||
Electrical Power and Energy Engineering | |||
Electronic and Digital Systems | |||
Microelectronic Circuit Design | |||
Microwave Engineering | |||
Photonics and Nanotechnology | |||
Speech and Language Technology | |||
Signal Processing and Data Science | |||
Space Science and Technology |
Students of the School of Engineering
Code: ENG31
Responsible professor at Aalto School of Engineering: Professor Kalevi Ekman
Code | Course name | ECTS | Period |
---|---|---|---|
ENG.matr | Maturity Test | 0 | I-V |
Choose one minor (25 ECTS) |
|||
Advanced Energy Solutions | |||
Building Technology | |||
Geoengineering and Mineral Based Materials | |||
Geoinformatics | |||
Engineering Materials | |||
Human-Centered Living Environment | |||
Interdisciplinary Product Development | |||
Marine Technology | |||
Mechatronics | |||
Real Estate Economics | |||
Solid Mechanics |
Students of the School of Science*
Code: SCI33
Responsible professor at Aalto School of Science: Professor Niina Nurmi
Engineering minor 20 ECTS
Graduates of our major can combine technological, economic, and social expertise in developing and managing the operations of companies and other organisations. To acquire appropriate level of knowledge in a technical discipline, the student can choose the technical minor from the offering of Aalto schools of technology. The minor must be advanced level and technical, therefore there are some restrictions.
General principles for choosing the minor:
- The objectives and content of the minor must be clearly from a field of technology
- Some minors contain courses that are offered by the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management (course code format being TU-9XXX) or the School of Business (varying course codes, check the organizer or classification from the course description in Sisu). Replace these courses with other courses accepted in the minor.
- All advanced level minors do not fulfill our requirements, for example:
- Creative Sustainability
- USchool
- Real Estate Economics
- Analytics and Data Science
- Computational Finance and Risk Management
- Startup Minor
- Some minors may also contain courses that have strong business, societal, or varying content although they are offered by departments in the Schools of Technology. These types of courses must also be replaced with other courses in the minor.
- Ask the IDBM planning officer, when in doubt
*students selected to Aalto SCI in 2023 or earlier follow the curriculum 2022-2024 or earlier
Students of Aalto CHEM, Aalto ELEC and Aalto ENG
At the end of their studies, students are required to complete a master's thesis corresponding to 30 credits. The thesis is ideally written on a topic combining the knowledge from major and specialization studies. The topic is agreed between the student and the thesis supervisor. The supervisor must be a professor at Aalto University and have a relevant expertise in the topic, whereas the thesis advisor(s) can be from the university, company or another university. Thesis advisor(s) must have at least a master’s degree. Master’s thesis work includes a seminar or equivalent presentation. The master’s thesis is a public document and cannot be concealed in any part.
Students of Aalto SCI*
At the end of their studies, students are required to complete a master's thesis corresponding to 30 credits. The thesis can combine knowledge from major and minor studies. The topic is agreed between the student and the thesis supervisor. The supervisor must be a professor at Aalto University and have a relevant expertise in the topic, whereas the thesis advisor(s) can be from the university, company or another university. Thesis advisor(s) must have at least a master’s degree. Master’s thesis work includes a seminar or equivalent presentation. The master’s thesis is a public document and cannot be concealed in any part.
*students selected to Aalto SCI in 2023 or earlier follow the curriculum 2022-2024 or earlier
Students of Aalto CHEM, Aalto ELEC and Aalto ENG complete 25 cr of elective studies.
Students of SCI* complete 20 cr of elective studies.
Students are highly recommended to undertake courses from schools or departments other than their own discipline, area of expertise or competence as elective studies.
The aim of the elective studies is to widen the student’s perspective and t-profile by providing understanding, knowledge and skills to design and business. Please note that for some of the courses, there might be eligibility and acceptance restrictions. In addition, students need to ensure that they fulfil all the pre-requirements set for the courses.
Practical training
- School of Chemical Engineering: 3-5 cr
- School of Electrical Engineering, 2-5 cr
- School of Engineering, 1-5 cr
- School of Science, 1-10 cr
Elective minor
The International Design Business Management programme requires students to complete a compulsory minor of 20 or 25 credits (depending on the major) in the field of technology. In addition, students can complete an elective minor as part of their elective studies. The scope of the elective minor varies depending on the minor. Please check each minor's requirements. For a list of all the minors at Aalto University, see Aalto Minors hub.
Mandatory language studies
If you have mandatory language studies in your master's degree, they are included in the elective studies module. You have received information about these in the beginning of your studies, if this applies to you. If you are uncertain of whether you need to demonstrate language proficiency in the master's degree, please contact your programme's planning officer to get further information about the matter.
- If you have completed your bachelor's degree in Finland (in Aalto or in another higher education institute), you have fulfilled the compulsory language requirements in the respective degree or received the exemption. You do not need to complete language studies in the master's degree.
- If your language of education is Finnish or Swedish and you have completed your bachelor’s degree outside of Finland, you must demonstrate proficiency in national languages by writing the maturity test in your language of education (Finnish or Swedish) and complete the language proficiency tests in the other national language. Read more about the language of education here. You may also apply for an exemption of demonstrating proficiency in national languages. See also the following bullet.
- If you have completed your bachelor’s degree outside of Finland, you must complete minimum of 3 ECTS in English including both oral and written proficiency (marked with ‘o’ and ‘w’ in the course name). Students, whose language of education is not Finnish or Swedish, may alternatively complete an elementary course in Finnish or in Swedish. The courses in national languages can be at any level on CEFR scale.
Language studies are included in students’ elective studies and are agreed in the personal study plan (HOPS). Language center offers the language studies.
Recommended elective studies
Aalto ARTS courses
Code | Course name | ECTS |
---|---|---|
MUO-E8041 | Collaborative and participatory techniques for design | 6 |
MUO-E8017 | Eco-auditing | 2 |
MUO-E8040 | Issues in Sustainability Politics | 6 |
MUO-E8043 | Design for Government | 12 |
MUO-E8050 | Values & Designs | 6 |
MUO-E3052 | Design for Services | 12 |
Aalto BIZ courses
Code | Course name | ECTS |
---|---|---|
Management and IB | ||
MNGT-E2001 | Doing Business in Emerging Markets | 6 |
MNGT-E2013 | Strategic Marketing in Global Context | 6 |
MNGT-E1005 | Strategy in Action | 6 |
Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management | ||
MNGT-E3004 | Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Markets, and Systems Change | 6 |
Creative Sustainability | ||
21E16001 | Sustainability in Business | 6 |
21E10000 | How to change the world: Innovating toward sustainability | 6 |
Corporate Communication | ||
77E00200 | Strategy Communication | 6 |
MNGT-E4002 | Strategic Stakeholder Relations | 6 |
Marketing | ||
MARK-A0001 | Marketing Management (only in Finnish) | 6 |
MARK-E0047 | Digital Marketing Communication | 6 |
Aalto ENG courses
Code | Course name | ECTS credits |
---|---|---|
MEC-E3007 | Product Sustainability | 5 |
MEC-E6005 | Engineering Materials Seminar | 5 |
MEC-E1090 | Quality Management and Metrology | 5 |
CIV-E3030 | Indoor Air Quality | 5 |
Recommended for students of Aalto SCI*
Code | Course name | ECTS credits | Period |
---|---|---|---|
MNGT-E2010 | Advanced Topics in IDBM** | 3 | I-II, IV-V |
*students selected to Aalto SCI in 2023 or earlier follow the curriculum 2022-2024 or earlier
**The course is recommended to be completed in period II of the 2nd year of studies (or period IV of the 1st year of studies).
- Published:
- Updated: